20110313 Japan still leads the way in disaster preparedness

Japan still leads the way in disaster preparedness

AFP, TOKYO
　

A man stands outside his destroyed house after the tsunami hit in Iwaki, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, yesterday.
Photo: EPA

In catastrophe-prone Japan, regularly shaken by earthquakes, dotted with more than 100 volcanoes and swept by typhoons, living with the threat of natural disasters is just a part of life.

The memory of past calamities has made Japan’s 128 million people and their government better prepared for disaster than most other countries.

Even so, most people realize there are limits to preparing for a mega-disaster such as the massive quake and tsunami that hit on Friday.

However, zealous safety preparations, regular drills and, crucially, the country’s wealth, which allows for expensive quake-proofing of buildings and infrastructure, have saved thousands of lives in recent decades, experts say.

“If there is any place in the world ready for a disaster of the scale and scope of this historic calamity, it is Japan,” said Stacey White, a senior research consultant at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies.

Toshitaka Katada, a professor at Gunma University’s Disaster Social Engineering Laboratory, said Japan had proved that lives could be saved.

“In the past Japan used to be just like today’s Southeast Asian countries when disaster struck,” he said. “Thousands of people died every year until 50 years ago.”

Since a typhoon killed more than 5,000 people in 1959 death tolls have fallen into the hundreds or dozens during most disasters — with the exception of the 1995 Kobe earthquake, which killed more then 6,400 people — he said.

“This is because the government has made protecting its citizens from disaster a state responsibility,” he said.

In part this has been achieved by building infrastructure such as river dykes and retaining walls against floods and landslides.

Most Japanese know the drill and keep a backpack near the door, filled with bottled water, dried or canned food, a first-aid kit, cash, clothes, a radio, a torch and lots of spare batteries.

People know they should try to hide under a solid table to guard against falling objects, to quickly turn off the gas mains, and to keep a door ajar lest a tremor jams it shut and traps them inside a crumbling house.

Common advice is to keep a spare pair of shoes under the bed, and a bicycle outside, to navigate rooms and roads littered with broken glass and debris.

Many people subscribe to mobile phone quake alerts, schoolchildren have padded and flame retardant headwear under their desks, and people can prepare for the real thing in a high-tech earthquake simulator.

Earthquake kits are sold in department stores and people are urged to supplement them with key personal items — spare glasses and special medication, or extra diapers and baby food.

Families are told to work out emergency meeting spots and times for the very worst cases — for example, if many buildings have collapsed and are on fire, and mobile phone systems have broken down.

Many more lives are saved when disaster strikes in Japan than in other nations simply because it is a wealthier country.

Nuclear power plants and bullet trains are designed to automatically shut down when the earth rumbles, and many buildings have been quake-proofed with steel and reinforced concrete at great cost in recent decades.

“Japan has the most advanced early warning system in the world,” said Hiroshi Inoue of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention. “But it’s not perfect, especially for those near the epicenter.”

Good governance and the rule of law are also seen as crucial.

A school or hospital is less likely to collapse if it is well built and has not been weakened because a corrupt official has used shoddy materials to siphon off money, as has happened in other countries in the past.

Many lessons were learned from the Kobe quake, where the human and economic toll highlighted a lack of preparedness and served as a wake-up call for authorities to better ready citizens for quakes in a country hit by an average of 1,500 tremors every year.

“As a result, Japan’s quake-proofing technology has developed dramatically. Japan is undoubtedly leading the world in that technology,” Nomura Research analyst Satoru Saito said.