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China
Strikes Hard at Criminals, Dissidents
Campaign Comes as Prelude to Major Political Turnover; at Least 480
Executed Since Early April
By Philip P. Pan
Washington Post Foreign Service
Friday, May 11, 2001; Page A37
¡@¡@BEIJING -- Chinese police
and security services have launched a major crackdown on political
and ethnic dissidents as the government prepares for a major leadership
change.
¡@¡@The clampdown is the
most severe since controls on free speech were tightened after the
repression of the China Democracy Party in 1998. Its timing suggests
that officials associated with the security apparatus are trying to
burnish their credentials before the competition for senior posts
expected at next year's Communist Party congress.
¡@¡@The
crackdown's most visible component is a nationwide "Strike Hard"
campaign targeting violent and organized crime that has resulted in
at least 480 executions since April 11. While similar provincial campaigns
occur regularly, China has only launched two other Strike Hard campaigns
at the national level, most recently in 1996.
¡@¡@Local authorities are
under orders to make more arrests and hand down stiffer sentences.
They are using the campaign to go after ethnic separatists, underground
churches, unregistered Internet cafes and peasants resisting high
taxes, according to witnesses, reports in state-run newspapers and
Western diplomats with contacts in various provinces.
¡@¡@At the same time, a
number of dissidents who posted their views on the Internet have been
arrested or imprisoned in recent months and the State Security Ministry
has detained and interrogated Chinese scholars and writers returning
from overseas, including at least five U.S. citizens, two of whom
remain in custody.
¡@¡@The
crackdown fits a pattern of Chinese government actions since the 1976
death of Mao Zedong and the start of market reforms more than two
decades ago: Leaders allow people more freedom, but regularly tighten
controls when they fear things have gone too far.
¡@¡@This clampdown comes
as social problems unleashed by economic reform, including corruption,
unemployment and crime, continue to worsen. In addition, the government
has been hit by challenges blamed on hostile forces in the United
States, including the defection of an army colonel in December, the
apparent leak of secret papers describing deliberations of senior
leaders before the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown and the rise of
the banned Falun Gong spiritual movement.
¡@¡@All this is occurring
as the Bush administration adopts a tougher stance toward China and
as party factions position themselves for a major leadership transition.
In a generational change at next year's party congress, as much as
three-quarters of the decision-making Politburo will be replaced and
as many as six of the seven men on the Politburo's all-powerful Standing
Committee could step down.
¡@¡@Wu Guoguang, a professor
at Chinese University of Hong Kong and a former adviser to ousted
Communist Party chief Zhao Ziyang, said the uncertainty of the succession
process contributes to leaders' worries about social instability.
"I think the regime is very nervous," he said. "They
think there's a big plot involving overseas Chinese and the United
States and Taiwan. The leadership senses some very dangerous trends,
and they're trying to take a firm stand against all these things."
¡@¡@One figure who has much
riding on the outcome of the crackdown is State Councilor Luo Gan,
the protege of Li Peng, the senior Communist Party leader. As the
official who oversees China's justice and security ministries, Luo
is coordinating the crackdown. He is also pushing for a seat on the
Standing Committee, according to Western diplomats.
¡@¡@But ultimately, Luo
is carrying out the orders of China's senior leaders, including President
Jiang Zemin. Jiang is scheduled to retire soon, but he is said to
be trying to maintain control of the military as an "elder"
like China's last paramount leader, Deng Xiaoping, who ruled from
behind the scenes until he died.
¡@¡@Analysts trace the crackdown
in part to two major gatherings in Beijing of security officials from
across the country, one on Jan. 20 and the other April 2-3. Luo presided
over the first meeting and delivered a major speech at the second,
according to the state-run media.
¡@¡@After the first meeting,
several overseas Chinese scholars were detained, including American
University's Gao Zhan. Gao, a permanent resident of the United States,
remains in custody, accused of espionage.
¡@¡@The State Department
recently issued an unusual travel advisory warning Chinese-born Americans
who have published writings critical of the government, or who have
traveled to Taiwan, that they may risk detention if they return to
China. A Western diplomat said at least six U.S. citizens, including
Gao's 5-year-old son, have been detained and that two, scholars Li
Shaomin and Wu Jianming, remain in custody.
¡@¡@Chinese
authorities also arrested at least two "Internet dissidents,"
including Yang Zili, a Web master in Beijing who posted articles critical
of the government and describing the problems of Chinese peasants,
and Lu Xinhua, a democracy activist in the central city of Wuhan,
who posted criticism of Jiang on an overseas Web site.
¡@¡@State media said Jiang
called for a Strike Hard campaign at the second security conference
to make "obvious" progress against crime over the next two
years, and said public order "is not only a major social issue,
but is also a major political issue." Luo was quoted as urging
police officials to "smash blackness and wipe out evil."
¡@¡@More
than 480 people were executed in the first three weeks of the Strike
Hard campaign, according to Agence France-Presse, which keeps a tally
from state-run newspapers across the country. The actual number is
believed to be much higher because many reports refer only to a "group"
of criminals put to death.
¡@¡@In the past, such campaigns
have been used by local officials, under pressure to make more arrests,
to go after ethnic minorities and religious figures. Leaders in Xinjiang
province in western China, where Uighurs, a Muslim ethnic group, are
a majority, have already announced plans to target "national
splittists, violent terrorists and religious extremists." At
least eight Uighurs have been executed, including one labeled a separatist,
according to state media.
¡@¡@The
government has also suspended the opening of new Internet cafes for
three months and has begun pressuring unregistered cafes and underground
churches, according to Western diplomats. Roman Catholic groups have
reported the arrests of several clergy, including an 83-year-old bishop
in Beijing. In southern Jiangxi province, local officials used the
Strike Hard campaign to raid the village of Yuntang, where peasants
had been protesting high taxes, the villagers said. Two unarmed protesters
were killed and up to 38 others were wounded in the raid, they said.
¡@¡@