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China Strikes Hard at Criminals, Dissidents
Campaign Comes as Prelude to Major Political Turnover; at Least 480 Executed Since Early April


By Philip P. Pan
Washington Post Foreign Service
Friday, May 11, 2001; Page A37


¡@¡@BEIJING -- Chinese police and security services have launched a major crackdown on political and ethnic dissidents as the government prepares for a major leadership change.

¡@¡@The clampdown is the most severe since controls on free speech were tightened after the repression of the China Democracy Party in 1998. Its timing suggests that officials associated with the security apparatus are trying to burnish their credentials before the competition for senior posts expected at next year's Communist Party congress.

¡@¡@The crackdown's most visible component is a nationwide "Strike Hard" campaign targeting violent and organized crime that has resulted in at least 480 executions since April 11. While similar provincial campaigns occur regularly, China has only launched two other Strike Hard campaigns at the national level, most recently in 1996.

¡@¡@Local authorities are under orders to make more arrests and hand down stiffer sentences. They are using the campaign to go after ethnic separatists, underground churches, unregistered Internet cafes and peasants resisting high taxes, according to witnesses, reports in state-run newspapers and Western diplomats with contacts in various provinces.

¡@¡@At the same time, a number of dissidents who posted their views on the Internet have been arrested or imprisoned in recent months and the State Security Ministry has detained and interrogated Chinese scholars and writers returning from overseas, including at least five U.S. citizens, two of whom remain in custody.

¡@¡@The crackdown fits a pattern of Chinese government actions since the 1976 death of Mao Zedong and the start of market reforms more than two decades ago: Leaders allow people more freedom, but regularly tighten controls when they fear things have gone too far.

¡@¡@This clampdown comes as social problems unleashed by economic reform, including corruption, unemployment and crime, continue to worsen. In addition, the government has been hit by challenges blamed on hostile forces in the United States, including the defection of an army colonel in December, the apparent leak of secret papers describing deliberations of senior leaders before the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown and the rise of the banned Falun Gong spiritual movement.

¡@¡@All this is occurring as the Bush administration adopts a tougher stance toward China and as party factions position themselves for a major leadership transition. In a generational change at next year's party congress, as much as three-quarters of the decision-making Politburo will be replaced and as many as six of the seven men on the Politburo's all-powerful Standing Committee could step down.

¡@¡@Wu Guoguang, a professor at Chinese University of Hong Kong and a former adviser to ousted Communist Party chief Zhao Ziyang, said the uncertainty of the succession process contributes to leaders' worries about social instability. "I think the regime is very nervous," he said. "They think there's a big plot involving overseas Chinese and the United States and Taiwan. The leadership senses some very dangerous trends, and they're trying to take a firm stand against all these things."

¡@¡@One figure who has much riding on the outcome of the crackdown is State Councilor Luo Gan, the protege of Li Peng, the senior Communist Party leader. As the official who oversees China's justice and security ministries, Luo is coordinating the crackdown. He is also pushing for a seat on the Standing Committee, according to Western diplomats.

¡@¡@But ultimately, Luo is carrying out the orders of China's senior leaders, including President Jiang Zemin. Jiang is scheduled to retire soon, but he is said to be trying to maintain control of the military as an "elder" like China's last paramount leader, Deng Xiaoping, who ruled from behind the scenes until he died.

¡@¡@Analysts trace the crackdown in part to two major gatherings in Beijing of security officials from across the country, one on Jan. 20 and the other April 2-3. Luo presided over the first meeting and delivered a major speech at the second, according to the state-run media.

¡@¡@After the first meeting, several overseas Chinese scholars were detained, including American University's Gao Zhan. Gao, a permanent resident of the United States, remains in custody, accused of espionage.

¡@¡@The State Department recently issued an unusual travel advisory warning Chinese-born Americans who have published writings critical of the government, or who have traveled to Taiwan, that they may risk detention if they return to China. A Western diplomat said at least six U.S. citizens, including Gao's 5-year-old son, have been detained and that two, scholars Li Shaomin and Wu Jianming, remain in custody.

¡@¡@Chinese authorities also arrested at least two "Internet dissidents," including Yang Zili, a Web master in Beijing who posted articles critical of the government and describing the problems of Chinese peasants, and Lu Xinhua, a democracy activist in the central city of Wuhan, who posted criticism of Jiang on an overseas Web site.

¡@¡@State media said Jiang called for a Strike Hard campaign at the second security conference to make "obvious" progress against crime over the next two years, and said public order "is not only a major social issue, but is also a major political issue." Luo was quoted as urging police officials to "smash blackness and wipe out evil."

¡@¡@More than 480 people were executed in the first three weeks of the Strike Hard campaign, according to Agence France-Presse, which keeps a tally from state-run newspapers across the country. The actual number is believed to be much higher because many reports refer only to a "group" of criminals put to death.

¡@¡@In the past, such campaigns have been used by local officials, under pressure to make more arrests, to go after ethnic minorities and religious figures. Leaders in Xinjiang province in western China, where Uighurs, a Muslim ethnic group, are a majority, have already announced plans to target "national splittists, violent terrorists and religious extremists." At least eight Uighurs have been executed, including one labeled a separatist, according to state media.

¡@¡@The government has also suspended the opening of new Internet cafes for three months and has begun pressuring unregistered cafes and underground churches, according to Western diplomats. Roman Catholic groups have reported the arrests of several clergy, including an 83-year-old bishop in Beijing. In southern Jiangxi province, local officials used the Strike Hard campaign to raid the village of Yuntang, where peasants had been protesting high taxes, the villagers said. Two unarmed protesters were killed and up to 38 others were wounded in the raid, they said.

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