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Obama apologizes over 1940s sex disease
study
¡¥APPALLING¡¦The study conducted on unsuspecting Guatemalans
sought to determine if the ¡¥new¡¦ drug penicillin could prevent sexually
transmitted disease
AFP, WASHINGTON
US President Barack Obama personally apologized on Friday to his Guatemalan
counterpart for a US-led study conducted in the 1940s, in which hundreds of
people in the Latin American state were deliberately infected with sexually
transmitted diseases.
In a phone conversation with Guatemalan President Alvaro Colom, Obama expressed
his deep regret for the experiment conducted by US public health researchers in
Guatemala between 1946 and 1948, and apologized ¡§to all those affected.¡¨
The US president also vowed that all human medical studies conducted today would
be held to exacting US and international legal and ethical standards.
¡§This is shocking, it¡¦s tragic, it¡¦s reprehensible,¡¨ White House spokesman
Robert Gibbs told reporters, adding to apologies and outrage voiced by the
president, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, US Health Secretary Kathleen
Sebelius and other US officials.
In an impromptu news conference in Guatemala on Friday, Colom denounced the
study as ¡§a crime against humanity,¡¨ and said he had learned of the gruesome
years-long experiment in the phone call from Clinton.
Clinton had phoned Colom on Thursday to express her personal outrage and deep
regret over the ¡§reprehensible research.¡¨
¡§What happened all those years ago is a crime against humanity and the
government reserves the right to lodge a formal legal complaint over it,¡¨ Colom
said.
However, almost immediately, he backed off his tough rhetoric, saying: ¡§We are
aware that this is not the policy of the United States ... this happened so long
ago.¡¨
Clinton and Sebelius said in a joint statement on Friday that the study was
¡§clearly unethical¡¨ and apologized to all those who had been affected by it.
Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the US
government body that funded the study, called it ¡§deeply disturbing¡¨ and ¡§an
appalling example in a dark chapter in the history of medicine.¡¨
US Senator Robert Menendez, a member of the congressional Hispanic caucus,
called the experiments in Guatemala one of the ¡§darkest moments¡¨ in US history.
¡§No innocent fellow human should be treated as a lab rat, no matter your
nationality,¡¨ Menendez said.
The study, which was never published, came to light this year after Wellesley
College professor Susan Reverby stumbled upon archived documents outlining the
1940s experiment led by controversial US public health doctor John Cutler.
Cutler and his fellow researchers enrolled people in Guatemala, including mental
patients, for the study, which aimed to find out if penicillin, relatively new
in the 1940s, could be used to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
¡§There is no evidence study participants gave informed consent, and in fact ...
the subjects were often deceived about what was being done to them,¡¨ Collins
told reporters as he outlined the experiment¡¦s most flagrant ethics violations.
Cutler, the US doctor behind the Guatemala study, was also involved in a highly
controversial study known as the Tuskegee Experiment in which between 1932 and
1972 hundreds of African American men with late-stage syphilis were observed and
given no remedial treatment.
Initially, the researchers infected female commercial sex workers with gonorrhea
or syphilis, and then allowed them to have unprotected sex with soldiers or
prison inmates.
¡§When few of these men became infected, the research approach changed to direct
inoculation of soldiers, prisoners and mental hospital patients,¡¨ background
documents on the study show.
A total of some 1,500 people took part in the study. At least one patient died
during the experiments, although it is not clear whether the death was from the
tests or from an underlying medical problem.
Thomas Parran, the US surgeon general in the 1940s, appeared to have been aware
of the experiment, as were ¡§components¡¨ of the Guatemalan government at the
time, Collins said.
The Pan American Health Organization, whose predecessor ¡X the Pan American
Sanitary Bureau ¡X received grant money from the NIH for the study, expressed its
¡§deep regrets for past ethics violations¡¨ and vowed to cooperate with
investigators as they dig out specifics of the study.
Independent experts under the umbrella of the US Institute of Medicine will
conduct a fact-finding probe of the Guatemala study, and the US Presidential
Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues will convene international experts
to review standards surrounding human medical research, Collins said.
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